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For pioneering the GyroChip, and for different contributions in know-how improvement and analysis management, Madni acquired
the 2022 IEEE Medal of Honor.

Engineering wasn’t Madni’s first selection of occupation. He needed to be a superb artist—a painter. However his household’s financial scenario in Mumbai, India (then Bombay) within the Fifties and Nineteen Sixties steered him to engineering—particularly electronics, because of his curiosity in current improvements embodied within the pocket-size transistor radio. In 1966 he moved to the USA to check electronics at the RCA Institutes in New York Metropolis, a college created within the early 1900s to coach wi-fi operators and technicians.

“I needed to be an engineer who would invent issues,” Madni says, “one who would do issues that might finally have an effect on humanity. As a result of if I couldn’t have an effect on humanity, I felt that I’d have an unfulfilling profession.”

After two years finishing the electronics know-how program on the RCA Institutes, Madni went on to
the College of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), receiving a B.S. in electrical engineering in 1969. He continued on to a grasp’s and a Ph.D., utilizing digital sign processing together with frequency-domain reflectometry to research telecommunications techniques for his dissertation analysis. Whereas finding out, he additionally labored variously at Pacific States College as an teacher, at Beverly Hills retailer David Orgell in stock administration, and at Pertec as an engineer designing pc peripherals.

Then, in 1975, newly engaged and on the insistence of a former classmate, he utilized for a job in Systron Donner’s microwave division.

Madni’s began at Systron Donner by designing the world’s first spectrum analyzer with digital storage. He had by no means truly used a spectrum analyzer earlier than—these have been very costly devices on the time—however he knew sufficient concerning the idea to speak himself into the job. He then spent six months working in testing, choosing up sensible expertise with the devices earlier than trying to revamp one.

The undertaking took two years and, Madni reviews, led to 3 important patents that began his climb “to larger and higher issues.” It additionally taught him, he says, an appreciation for the distinction between “what it’s to have theoretical information and what it’s to commercialize know-how that may be useful to others.”

He went on to develop quite a few RF and microwave techniques and instrumentation for the U.S. army, together with an analyzer for communications strains and connected antennas constructed for the Navy, which grew to become the premise for his doctoral analysis.

Although he moved shortly into the administration ranks, finally climbing to chairman, president, and CEO of Systron Donner, former colleagues say he by no means completely left the lab behind. His technical mark was on each undertaking he grew to become concerned in, together with the groundbreaking work that led to the GyroChip.

Earlier than we discussabout the little quartz sensor that grew to become the center of the GyroChip, right here’s slightly background on the inertial-measurement items of the Nineteen Nineties. An IMU measures a number of properties of an object: its particular pressure (the acceleration that’s not resulting from gravity); its angular fee of rotation round an axis; and, generally, its orientation in three-dimensional area.

The GyroChip enabled digital stability-control techniques in vehicles to detect skidding and prevented numerous rollover accidents. Peter Adams

Within the early Nineteen Nineties, the standard IMU used mechanical gyroscopes for angular-rate sensing. A package deal with three extremely correct spinning mass gyroscopes was concerning the dimension of a toaster oven and weighed a few kilogram. Variations that used ring-laser gyroscopes or fiber-optic gyroscopes have been considerably smaller, however all high-accuracy optical and mechanical gyros of the time value hundreds of {dollars}.

In order that was the IMU in 1990, when Systron Donner bought its defense-electronics companies to BEI Applied sciences, a publicly traded spinoff of BEI Electronics, itself a by-product of the venerable Baldwin Piano Co. The gadget was massive, heavy, costly, and held shifting mechanical components that suffered from put on and tear, affecting reliability.

Shortly earlier than the sale, Systron Donner had licensed a patent for a totally completely different sort of fee sensor from a gaggle of U.S. inventors. It was little greater than a paper design on the time, Madni says, however the firm had began investing a few of its R&D funds in implementing the know-how.

The design centered on a tiny, dual-ended vibrating tuning fork carved out of quartz utilizing normal silicon-wafer-processing methods. The tines of the fork can be deflected by the Coriolis impact, the inertial pressure performing on an object because it resists being pulled from its aircraft of rotation. As a result of quartz has piezoelectric properties, modifications in forces performing upon it trigger modifications in electrical cost. These modifications may very well be transformed into measurements of angular velocity.

The undertaking continued after Systron Donner’s divisions grew to become a part of BEI, and within the early Nineteen Nineties BEI was manufacturing some 10,000 quartz gyroscopic sensors yearly for a labeled protection undertaking. However with the autumn of the Soviet Union and ensuing fast contraction of the U.S. protection business, Madni frightened that there can be no extra clients—not less than for a very long time—for these tiny new sensors and even for the normal mechanical sensors that have been the principle a part of the division’s enterprise.

“We had two choices,” Madni remembers. “We stick out within the sands and peacefully die, which might be a disgrace, as a result of no person else has this know-how. Or we discover someplace else we are able to use it.”

“If I couldn’t have an effect on humanity, I felt that I’d have an unfulfilling profession.”

The hunt was on. Madni says he and members of his analysis and advertising groups went to each sensors convention they may discover, speaking to anybody who used inertial sensors, no matter whether or not the purposes have been industrial, business, or area. They confirmed the quartz angular-rate sensors the corporate had developed, touting their value, precision, and reliability, and laid out a path through which the gadgets grew to become smaller and cheaper in only a few years. NASA was —and finally used the gadgets within the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner rover and the techniques that allowed astronauts to maneuver about in area untethered. Boeing and different plane and avionics-system producers started adopting the gadgets.

However the automotive business clearly represented the most important potential market. Within the late Nineteen Eighties, automobile corporations had begun introducing fundamental traction-control techniques of their high-end automobiles. These techniques monitored steering-wheel place, throttle place, and particular person wheel speeds, and will regulate engine velocity and braking once they detected an issue, similar to one wheel turning quicker than one other. They couldn’t, nevertheless, detect when the course of a automobile’s activate the highway didn’t match the flip of the steering wheel, a key indicator of an unstable skid that would flip right into a rollover.

This quartz tuning fork responds to inertial forces and types the center of the GyroChip.
Peter Adams

The business was conscious this was a deficiency, and that rollover accidents have been a major reason for deaths from auto accidents. Automotive-electronics suppliers like
Bosch have been working to develop small, dependable angular-rate sensors, principally out of silicon, to enhance traction management and rollover prevention, however none have been prepared for prime time.

Madni thought this was a market BEI may win. In partnership with
Continental Teves of Frankfurt, Germany, BEI got down to scale back the scale and value of the quartz gadgets and manufacture them in portions exceptional within the protection business, planning to ramp as much as thousands and thousands yearly.

This main pivot—from protection to probably the most aggressive mass-market industries—would require massive modifications for the corporate and for its engineers. Madni took the leap.

“I informed the blokes, ‘We’re going to must miniaturize it. We’re going to must convey the value down—from $1,200 to $1,800 per axis to $100, then to $50, after which to $25. We’re going to must promote it in lots of of hundreds of items a month after which 1,000,000 and extra a month.’”

To do all that, he knew that the design for a quartz-based fee sensor couldn’t have one further element, he says. And that the manufacturing, provide chain, and even gross sales administration needed to be modified dramatically.

“I informed the engineers that we are able to’t have something in there aside from what is totally wanted,” Madni remembers. “And a few balked—too used to engaged on complicated designs, they weren’t focused on doing a easy design. I attempted to elucidate to them that what I used to be asking them to do was
extra troublesome than the complicated issues they’ve performed,” he says. However he nonetheless misplaced some high-level design engineers.

“The board of administrators requested me what I used to be doing, [saying] that these have been a few of our greatest folks. I informed them that it wasn’t a query of the most effective folks; if individuals are not going to adapt to the present wants, what good do they do?”

Peter Adams

Others have been prepared to adapt, and he despatched a few of these engineers to go to watch producers in Switzerland to study dealing with quartz; the watch business had been utilizing the fabric for many years. And he provided others coaching by specialists within the automotive business, to study its operations and necessities.

The modifications wanted weren’t straightforward, Madni remembers. “Now we have lots of scars on our again. We went by means of a hell of a course of. However throughout my tenure, BEI grew to become the world’s largest provider of sensors for automotive stability and rollover prevention.”

Within the late Nineteen Nineties, Madni says, the marketplace for digital stability-control techniques exploded, because of an incident in 1997. An automotive journalist, testing a brand new Mercedes on a check observe, was performing the so-called elchtest, also known as the “elk check”: He swerved at regular velocity, aspiring to simulate avoiding a moose crossing the highway, and the automobile rolled over. Mercedes and rivals responded to the unhealthy publicity by embracing stability-control techniques, and GyroChip demand skyrocketed.

Due to the cope with Continental Teves, BEI held a big piece of the automotive market for a few years. BEI wasn’t the one sport on the town at that time—Germany’s Bosch
had begun producing silicon-based MEMS fee sensors in 1998—however the California firm was the one producer utilizing quartz sensors, which on the time carried out higher than silicon. At the moment, most producers of automotive-grade fee sensors use silicon, for that know-how has matured and such sensors are cheaper to supply.

Whereas manufacturing for the auto market ramped up, Madni continued to search for different markets. He discovered one other massive one within the plane business.

The Boeing 737 within the early and mid-’90s had been concerned in a
collection of crashes and incidents that stemmed from sudden rudder motion. A number of the failures have been traced to the plane’s energy management unit, which included yaw-damping know-how. Whereas the yaw sensors weren’t particularly implicated, the corporate did want to revamp its PCUs. Madni and BEI satisfied Boeing to make use of BEI’s quartz sensors in all of its 737s going ahead, in addition to retrofitting current plane with the gadgets. Producers of plane for personal aviation quickly embraced the sensor as effectively. And finally the protection enterprise got here again.

At the moment, digital angular-rate sensors are in nearly each car—land, air, or sea. And Madni’s effort to miniaturize them and scale back their value blazed the path.

By 2005, BEI’s portfolio of applied sciences had made it a pretty goal for acquisition. Moreover the speed sensors, it had earned popularity of its improvement of the unprecedentedly correct pointing system created for the
Hubble Area Telescope. The sensors and management group had expanded into BEI Sensors & Methods Co., of which Madni was CEO and CTO.

“We weren’t searching for a purchaser; we have been progressing extraordinarily effectively and trying to nonetheless develop. However a number of folks needed to purchase us, and one, Schneider Electrical, was relentless. They wouldn’t surrender, and we needed to current the deal to the board.”

The sale went by means of in mid-2005 and, after a quick transition interval and turning down a management place with
Schneider Electrical, Madni formally retired in 2006.

Whereas Madni says he’s been retired since 2006, he truly retired solely from business, crossing over right into a busy life in academia. He has served as an honorary professor at six universities, together with the Technical College of Crete, the College of Texas at San Antonio, and the College of Waikato, in New Zealand. In 2011, he joined the school of UCLA’s electrical and computer-engineering division as a distinguished scientist and distinguished adjunct professor and considers that his dwelling establishment. He’s on campus weekly to fulfill together with his advisees, who’re working in sensing, sign processing, AI for sensor design, and ultrawideband high-speed instrumentation. Madni has suggested 25 graduate college students thus far.

One in all his former UCLA college students, Cejo Ok. Lonappan, now principal techniques engineer at
SILC Applied sciences, says Madni cares quite a bit concerning the impression of what his advisees are doing, asking them to jot down an govt abstract of each analysis undertaking that goes past the know-how to speak concerning the greater image.

“Many occasions in educational analysis, it’s straightforward to get misplaced in particulars, in minor issues that appear spectacular to the individual doing the analysis,” Lonappan says. However Madni “cares quite a bit concerning the impression of what we’re doing past the engineering and scientific group—the purposes, the brand new frontiers it opens.”

S.Ok. Ramesh, a professor and former dean {of electrical} engineering and pc science at
California State College, Northridge, has additionally seen Madni the advisor in motion.

“For him,” Ramesh says, “it’s not nearly engineering. It’s about engineering the longer term, displaying the right way to make a distinction in folks’s lives. And he’s not discouraged by challenges.”

“We had a gaggle of scholars who needed to take a headset utilized in gaming and use it to create a brain-control interface for wheelchair customers,” Ramesh says. “We spoke to a neurologist, and he laughed at us, mentioned you couldn’t do this, to watch mind waves with a headset and instantaneously switch that to a movement command. However Prof. Madni checked out it as how can we clear up the issue, and even when we are able to’t clear up it, alongside the best way we’ll study one thing by attempting.”

Says Yannis Phillis, a professor on the
Technical College of Crete: “This man is aware of quite a bit about engineering, however he has a variety of pursuits. After we met on Crete for the primary time, for instance, I danced a solo Zeibekiko; it has roots from historic Greece. He requested me questions left and proper about it, why this, why that. He’s interested by society, about human conduct, concerning the surroundings—and, broadly talking, the survival of our civilization.”

Madni went into engineering hoping to have an effect on humanity together with his work. He’s happy that, in not less than some methods, he has performed so.

“The area purposes have enhanced the understanding of our universe, and I used to be lucky to play part of that,” he says. “My contributions [to automotive safety] in their very own humble manner have been accountable for saving thousands and thousands of lives around the globe. And my applied sciences have performed a job within the protection and safety of our nation. It’s been essentially the most gratifying profession.”